AN EXAMINATION OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS AS A MEANS OF ACCESSING INFORMATION RESOURCES IN NIGERIAN LIBRARIES: A CASE STUDY OF IBOM E-LIBRARY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The primary aim of structuring knowledge within the library is to facilitate the future retrieval of information resources or knowledge when required. Nevertheless, the lack of proper organisation hinders the ability to locate the information subsequently. A library constitutes a systematically arranged assemblage of informational sources and related materials, made available to a specific community for the purposes of reference or lending (Atanda & Adeyemi, 2018). It offers access to materials, whether in a physical building, a designated room, a virtual environment, or a combination of these forms. The collections of libraries may encompass a diverse array of materials, including books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, e-books, audio books, databases, and various other formats. Libraries vary significantly in scale, encompassing everything from modest collections of a few shelves to vast repositories containing millions of items. As noted in Microsoft Encarta (2009), the primary objective of a library is to gather, arrange, safeguard, and facilitate access to knowledge and information. In accomplishing this objective, libraries maintain an important archive of culture that can be transmitted to future generations. Libraries serve as a vital connection in the continuum of communication across time, bridging the past, present, and future. Regardless of whether the cultural record resides in printed volumes or digital formats, libraries play a crucial role in safeguarding this record and facilitating its accessibility for future reference. Libraries grant individuals the essential resources required for their endeavours in work, leisure, education, and civic engagement.

The accessibility of information serves as a fundamental cornerstone in the advancement of education, research, and innovation. The process of information retrieval is increasingly establishing itself as the primary method for accessing information, surpassing conventional database searching techniques. The domain of information retrieval encompasses assisting users in navigating or refining document collections, as well as in the subsequent analysis of a selection of retrieved documents. In the context of a collection of documents, clustering involves the process of establishing an effective categorisation of the documents according to their content. The process of information retrieval involves acquiring information resources that are pertinent to a specific information requirement from a diverse array of information resources. The domain of information retrieval encompasses assisting users in navigating or refining document collections, as well as in the subsequent analysis of a selection of retrieved documents. In the context of a collection of documents, clustering involves the process of establishing an effective categorisation of the documents according to their content. It resembles the meticulous organisation of literature on a shelf, categorised by subject matter. Classification involves the process of determining the appropriate category or categories for a collection of documents based on a defined set of topics, existing information requirements, or other criteria, such as the appropriateness of texts for various age demographics. The process typically begins with the manual classification of a selection of documents, followed by the expectation that new documents can subsequently be classified automatically.

In recent decades, technological advancements have revolutionised the manner in which individuals obtain information, transitioning from conventional manual systems to advanced electronic information retrieval systems (EIRS). These systems have transformed library services worldwide, facilitating faster and more effective access to an extensive array of digital and physical resources. In Nigeria, libraries are increasingly embracing these electronic systems, though the levels of success vary significantly. The emergence of electronic information retrieval systems has transformed the operational dynamics of libraries, enabling users to access information resources with enhanced speed, accuracy, and adaptability. Aina (2020) states that EIRS includes tools like online catalogues, digital databases, e-books, and electronic journals, which all contribute to improving the efficiency of information retrieval processes. The implementation of these systems in Nigerian libraries, especially within the Ibom E-Library, represents a noteworthy advancement in the shift towards a more digitised and accessible library experience.

The Ibom E-Library, recognised as one of Nigeria's first digital libraries, has established itself as a benchmark for contemporary library services within the nation. The library offers a wide range of electronic resources, encompassing academic journals, research databases, and multimedia content, accessible via its electronic retrieval system. This system enables individuals to perform thorough enquiries for resources, access electronic materials from a distance, and even utilise digital platforms for borrowing items. Nonetheless, although the Ibom E-Library provides a comprehensive EIRS, its effectiveness and application are significantly influenced by the users' understanding and the system's user-friendliness. Research conducted by Ezema and Ugwu (2019) indicates that a significant obstacle confronting EIRS in Nigerian libraries is the insufficient provision of user training and technical assistance, frequently resulting in underutilisation. The ability of users to effectively engage with EIRS is essential for fully realising its advantages. Studies indicate that students, faculty, and library patrons frequently do not possess the essential skills required to proficiently navigate electronic databases. Programs designed to enhance information retrieval skills, including search techniques and database navigation, are crucial for enabling users to maximise the resources at their disposal. Uwaifo and Iwu-James (2020) assert that libraries that prioritise user education and support generally experience increased engagement with electronic resources, which in turn enhances research outcomes and academic performance.

Furthermore, the matter of digital literacy among library personnel is also significant. The effective implementation of EIRS necessitates that library personnel possess a high level of expertise in the management and resolution of issues related to digital systems. In the absence of appropriate training, personnel may find it challenging to deliver sufficient assistance to users, resulting in dissatisfaction and limited utilisation of the system. Ogunbiyi and Adekoya (2021) assert that ongoing professional development for library personnel is essential to navigate the swiftly evolving realm of digital information management. This holds significant relevance within the Nigerian context, where the rapid progression of technology frequently surpasses the training opportunities accessible to library professionals.

In light of these challenges, the advantages of EIRS in Nigerian libraries are unequivocal. The capacity to obtain a diverse array of resources, irrespective of geographical constraints, significantly enriches the research potential for learners, scholars, and practitioners alike. EIRS facilitates access to local content while enabling users to interact with global information databases, promoting collaboration and the exchange of ideas across borders (Okoroafor, 2018). The global perspective holds significant relevance for researchers in Nigeria, who have traditionally encountered obstacles in obtaining up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature owing to financial and infrastructural limitations. Through EIRS, libraries such as the Ibom E-Library address this gap by providing access to current information that is essential for research and academic achievement. Considering the transformative potential of EIRS in enhancing information access within Nigerian libraries, it is essential to assess the efficacy of these systems and determine strategies for their enhancement. Thus, the necessity for this investigation

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The advent of electronic information retrieval systems in the digital era has significantly altered the methods by which information is accessed and organised in libraries across the globe. In Nigeria, especially regarding the Ibom E-Library, the incorporation of these systems offers various prospects and obstacles that warrant careful analysis. In light of the considerable progress made in digital library initiatives, numerous libraries in Nigeria still encounter considerable challenges in the effective implementation and utilisation of electronic information retrieval systems (Aina, 2016; Olatokun, 2019).

The swift advancement of technology has resulted in an increasing dependence on digital resources. Nonetheless, the efficacy of electronic information retrieval systems frequently encounters obstacles, including inadequate infrastructure, insufficient training for library personnel, and restricted access to essential technology for users (Saliu & Abubakar, 2020). As noted by Okwuashi (2021), these challenges may lead to the insufficient use of important digital resources, thereby undermining the quality of information access that libraries strive to offer. Furthermore, the digital divide continues to be a significant issue in Nigeria, where inequalities in access to technology may restrict the advantages of electronic information retrieval systems. Studies demonstrate that individuals residing in urban environments, such as Uyo—home to the Ibom E-Library—typically enjoy superior access to digital resources compared to their counterparts in rural areas (Ibrahim & Yusuf, 2018). This disparity underscores the necessity for focused approaches that improve user involvement and foster fair access to informational resources among varied communities.

Moreover, the interaction with electronic information retrieval systems can greatly impact their overall efficacy. Elements like system usability, interface design, and the pertinence of the information obtained are essential in influencing user satisfaction and engagement (Zhang & Zhao, 2017). Comprehending the perception of these elements by users of the Ibom E-Library is crucial for refining the system's functionality and improving information retrieval results.

In light of these intricacies, the fundamental issue can be expressed in the following manner: Even with the introduction of electronic information retrieval systems in Nigerian libraries, such as the Ibom E-Library, various challenges remain. Issues concerning infrastructure, user training, access disparities, and system usability continue to hinder the effectiveness of these systems in providing adequate access to information resources. This research endeavours to examine these matters in depth, with the goal of pinpointing particular obstacles and prospects that may guide future improvements to electronic information retrieval systems within Nigerian libraries.

1.3 Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically examine electronic information retrieval system as a means of accessing information resources in Nigerian Libraries: a case study of Ibom E-library. Specific objectives of this study are to:

1. To evaluate the accessibility of electronic information retrieval systems (EIRS) in the Ibom E-Library

2. To evaluate how effectively the electronic information retrieval systems at Ibom E-Library facilitate access to information resources.

3. To identify the challenges faced by users and staff in utilizing EIRS in the Ibom E-Library

4. To propose strategies for improving the functionality and user experience of EIRS in Nigerian libraries, with a focus on Ibom E-Library.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions which are in line with the objectives of this study will be answered in this study:

1. 1. 1. How accessible are the electronic information retrieval systems (EIRS) at Ibom E-Library?

      2. How effective are the electronic information retrieval systems at Ibom E-Library in facilitating access to information resources?

      3. What challenges do users and staff encounter when utilizing electronic information resources in Ibom E-Library?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

To determine the effectiveness of this study, the following research null hypotheses will be formulated to guide the study and it will be tested at 0.05% levels of significance.:

Ho: The electronic information retrieval systems at Ibom E-Library significantly enhance access to information resources.

Ha: The electronic information retrieval systems at Ibom E-Library does not significantly enhance access to information resources.

1.6 Significance of the study

This research is of considerable importance to various parties engaged in the field of information access and library services, especially in relation to libraries in Nigeria. The objective is to enhance the comprehension of electronic information retrieval systems and their influence on information accessibility, which is crucial for advancing efficient library services in the contemporary digital landscape. The research will establish a foundational reference for library administrators, policymakers, and users of Ibom E-Library. The findings will provide valuable insights that can be utilised to improve the design and execution of EIRS. Comprehending the requirements and obstacles faced by users is essential for making well-informed choices about resource distribution, system enhancements, and the delivery of user education.

This study will provide a significant contribution to academic and research institutions. The insights obtained can guide the formulation of curricula pertaining to information management, library science, and digital literacy. By incorporating research into educational curricula, institutions can more effectively equip emerging library professionals to navigate the challenges of an evolving information environment.

This study holds significance for individuals utilising Ibom E-Library, encompassing students, researchers, and the broader community. The objective is to assess the efficacy and availability of EIRS, which has a direct impact on the capacity to find and employ information resources. Enhanced access can significantly elevate educational and research results, thereby fostering the advancement of knowledge as a whole.

Furthermore, those engaged in technology development and vendor activities can derive valuable insights from this research concerning user experiences and anticipations. Comprehending the distinct requirements of users will enable the customisation of products and services, guaranteeing that EIRS are accessible and in harmony with the actual circumstances of the intended audience.

The research findings can enlighten both students and researchers regarding the significance of utilising EIRS for collaborative projects, interdisciplinary studies, and accessing a variety of information sources that are crucial for thorough research. This research aims to enrich the academic environment for students and researchers alike by pinpointing critical areas for enhancement in EIRS, thereby fostering a more resilient and accessible information retrieval system within Nigerian libraries.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically examine electronic information retrieval system as a means of accessing information resources in Nigerian Libraries. Empirically, the study will discuss the relationship between information retrieval competencies and evaluate the accessibility of electronic information retrieval systems (EIRS) in Nigerian Libraries, how effectively the electronic information retrieval systems at Nigerian Libraries facilitate access to information resources and identify the challenges faced by users and staff in utilizing EIRS in Nigerian Libraries.

Geographically, the study will be carried out in The Ibom E-Library, Uyo, Akwa Ibom state.

1.8 Limitations of the study

Throughout the investigation, the investigators meticulously examined the intrinsic limitations that exist within all human behaviours. A significant obstacle encountered was the insufficient depth of academic inquiry into the topic. An important aspect that influenced the situation was the scarcity of data concerning examine electronic information retrieval system as a means of accessing information resources in Nigerian Libraries: a case study of Ibom E-library. In light of the undertaking, it proved to be quite challenging to locate the necessary materials, texts, or information and to systematically arrange the data, necessitating a considerable allocation of time and effort.

Furthermore, the conclusions drawn from the study may be limited by the relatively small sample size and the narrow focus of the research, which predominantly centres on Ibom E-Library, Uyo, Akwa Ibom state. Consequently, the results of the study possess restricted practical significance, underscoring the necessity for additional investigation.

Furthermore, the individual faced considerable limitations stemming from financial restrictions. As an individual pursuing academic excellence with constrained financial means, they had to meticulously manage these limitations during their educational journey. The high transportation costs at the research site presented a considerable obstacle in fulfilling the financial commitments associated with travel expenses.

Furthermore, the individual had a busy agenda due to their academic commitments, which included attending lectures and engaging in various educational activities.

1.9 Definition of terms

Information retrieval: Information retrieval is the process of accessing data resources. Usually documents or other unstructured data for the purpose of sharing knowledge. More specifically, an information retrieval system provides an interface between users and large data repositories – especially textual repositories.

ICT: Information and communication technology, abbreviated as ICT, covers all technical means used to handle information and aid communication. This includes both computer and network hardware, as well as their software.

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